Can I Die From Lack Of Attention

All people have some factor that they expertise as spiritual. This turns into extra appropriate as a private approaches finish of life, notwithstanding Williams 2006 notes that the majority medical doctors ignore the religious dimension. Ford, et al. 2012 identifies three stages of competence on this regard, with the very best being competence in discussions of spirituality. Providers are inspired by most authors on this vicinity to be nonjudgmental about particular person experiences of spirituality. Religion is a structured body spherical which people might even see spirituality.

Concepts of a better being, the potential of an afterlife, and communication with the upper electricity by means of prayer are central to many non secular frameworks; Pevey, et al. 2008–2009 examines the position of prayer at finish of life. The separation between faith and spirituality is comparatively recent. Negative experiences with faith from time to time lead people to establish as an alternative with spirituality. What is usually simply referred to as "spirituality" is named by some "nonreligious spirituality." All spirituality is said to problems with the sacred and transcendence.

Recognition of the position of spirituality in palliative group care is ethically imperative, in response to many students and practitioners. Providers who associate with chaplains often take pleasure in this collaboration and supply extra fulfilling look after most patients. Different religions, of course, are additionally intertwined with cultural variations and should be acknowledged on equally levels.

Religiosity can additionally be associated to demise nervousness and, in response to Kessler 2007, to anger. Those who're non secular however worry a unfavourable afterlife attributable to their conduct for the period of their lifetime are extra probably to expertise extra demise nervousness than these that anticipate a constructive afterlife. Much of the lookup on demise nervousness or worry of demise reviewed within the part on that matter has necessary implications for the position of spirituality/religiosity within the dying process.

In general, end-of-life care pays little consideration to those basic issues. Keeley 2004 research discussions of spirituality in ultimate conversations. The Second National Consensus Project for Quality Palliative Care positioned marvelous emphasis on the position of spirituality in palliative group care, as famous in Puchalski, et al. 2009. Advance directives normally additionally embrace a medical or health-care energy of attorney, giving the decision-making position to a specific individual, and should additionally embrace a DNR order.

Died From Lack Of Attention It can be doable to have a DNR order aside from the opposite elements of an advance directive. Broader than simply a doc or collection of documents, ACP additionally consists of familial and/or issuer discussions a few person's priorities and beliefs that pertain to finish of life. Although Wenger, et al. 2001 finds that few sufferers have advance directives, Westphal and McKee 2009 finds that even fewer physicians truly examine the advance directives. Black 2007 reviews that social worker's usually tend to examine these. It is usually agreed that preparation of an advance directive must be encouraged, in that they supply some assist within the occasion of affected man or woman incapacitation, however are restricted when it comes to applicability.

There can additionally be no assurance that anticipated needs will correspond with precise needs when a state of affairs occurs. There are people who, when they're healthy, really really feel that they might not need extraordinary efforts to maintain them alive within the occasion of an accident within the occasion that they have been subsequently more possible to be severely disabled, for instance. If such an occasion in fact arrives, the affected person at occasions feels differently, as Smith 2004 notes.

Song 2004 finds that ACP results in larger ranges of satisfaction, and Waldrop and Meeker 2012 reviews that ACP is important for person-centered end-of-life care. The moral problems appropriate to dying and demise underlie all of the subjects included on this bibliography. When an individual considers whether or not to reveal to a toddler that she or he or a mum or dad or sibling is dying, an moral choice is being made. When the foremost target is on relative emphases on sustaining hope at finish of life in comparison with permitting open communication about it , an moral choice is being made. The region of palliative staff care requires confrontation with all these moral issues, as does bad-news delivery.

Making selections about prolonging and delaying death, even on the price of extra suffering, are definitely inherently moral decisions, as mentioned in White and Fitzpatrick 2006. Hinshaw 2008 notes that anguish comfort can additionally be an moral concern. More controversial are selections associated to euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. Defining a "good death" and problems with permitting denial are additionally moral concerns. Ethical frameworks which are appropriate to an understanding of this enviornment incorporate utilitarianism, deontology, principalist medical ethics , and advantage ethics, as mentioned in Jeffrey 2006.

The writing on this space is quite consistent, continuously bringing these moral points to the eye of health-care suppliers who will possibly not have acquired a lot preparation in ethics however whose work requires an consciousness of the concepts. Consistent with palliative staff care, hospice is a motion towards dying with dignity. Hospice could be a spot that permits emphasis on relieving struggling and enhancing high quality of life as dying approaches—this could be a separate facility or an space of a health-care facility resembling a hospital.

In many cases, however, hospice care might possibly be presented within the house with applicable help. Providing full-time care to a loved one seriously isn't easy, so assist employees can be introduced in. Hospice nurses and different care vendors are concerned in delivering care to the patient. The objective is to assist equally the spouse and children and the affected person because the top approaches. Most sufferers point out a choice for dying at home, even even though few are in a position to do so.

This is usually since healing medication extends nicely past the purpose that it should, and palliative group care begins too late, as evidenced by Csikai 2006 and Casarett and Quill 2007. Dy, et al. 2011 promises recommendations to assist stay clear of these consequences. Similarly, Hawthorne and Yurkovich 2004 discusses how hope differences for the period of hospice care.

What this additionally means is that the share of kid deaths from older or youthful youngsters additionally is determined by how a lot progress nations have made on vaccine protection and different interventions. There, neonatal deaths account for less than 37% of under-5 deaths, whereas in most Asian, European and American nations this share is 50% or higher. This is as a result of many nations throughout Sub-Saharan Africa nonetheless have great progress to make within the prevention of vaccine-preventable diseases. In distinction to the early indications that precede dying, late indications of dying have been familiar. The employees had the information regarding which indications to search for and so they used it in day-to-day practice.

It was clear from the interviews that dying was seen as a occurring instead of as a process, which means that it was restricted to the final days or perhaps weeks of the older person's life. These outcomes are according to outcomes obtained by Beck and colleagues which confirmed that assistant nurses in nursing houses expertise palliative care as lasting just for a brief and constrained time. The deal with late indicators is perhaps attributable to the very actuality these indicators are obvious, i.e. they're familiar, clear and outstanding within the final days or weeks.

The late indications are additionally a dead ringer for these which were described within the literature and the employees are effectively conscious of them. In distinction to the holistic view of the older individual related to early indications previous dying, the members primarily spotlight the bodily and psychological features of late signs. This is likely to be defined by the truth that over the past week/days the older individual is usually bedridden and unconscious. However, if you want to supply a holistic care and abide by the essential values of palliative care , social and existential features additionally must be considered . Even even though the older individual is unconscious, the correct to be taken care of with dignity remains, and it really is regulated within the Swedish Health and Medical Services Act .

End-of-life communication will solely come to be extra appropriate as life lengthens and deaths take place extra regularly in institutions. Most folks in developed nations won't die as rapidly and abruptly as their ancestors did. Thanks to medical advances and preventive care, a majority of individuals will seemingly die from both some style of cancer, some style of organ sickness , or just superior age.

Those deaths will usually be lengthy and slow, and can seemingly happen in hospitals, hospices, or nursing houses overseen by groups of medical experts. And individuals can take half in selections about their care solely whilst they're ready to communicate. More awareness about how language ends and the way the dying talk would give sufferers extra company for an extended interval of time.

Big nations like Brazil and China lowered their little one mortality charges 10-fold during the final four decades. Other nations – particularly in Africa – nonetheless have excessive little one mortality rates, however it's not true that these nations do not make progress. In Sub-Saharan Africa, little one mortality has been constantly falling for the final 50 years (1 in four youngsters died within the early 60s – at present it really is below 1 in 10).

Over the final decade this enchancment has been occurring sooner than ever before. Rising prosperity, rising schooling and the unfold of healthiness care across the globe are the key drivers of this progress. One early signal that the individuals recognized in alternative methods amongst the many older individuals was resignation, e.g. withdrawal from social contexts, lack of motivation and low mood. Another signal was that the older man or woman developed a should move with the aid of their life, from childhood to the present. Late indicators that precede dying have been familiar, noticed by the employees in day-to-day practice. The team's collective expertise of early and late indicators that precede dying constitutes new know-how that has in no method been proven within the literature before.

This know-how can boost the understanding of when a palliative care strategy must be in place at nursing homes. It would put together equally the employees and the older particular man or woman for dying and make it doable to conduct person-centered care. Knowledge of ageing, frailty and the dying course of in older individuals must be portion of the employees training. Also joint discussions inside the group on the topic of the preparedness for palliative care may well encourage the managers to facilitate the implementation of a palliative care strategy in nursing homes. The techniques utilized within the analysis on dying and dying are primarily qualitative, as one would count on deliberating the character of the phenomenon.

The small quantity of experimental investigation that has been completed within the world has concerned testing the effectiveness of coaching packages to affect interplay between health-care vendors and dying sufferers in addition to their families. It wouldn't be ethical, of course, to experimentally manipulate cure of the dying or their families, so no such investigation has been reported within the literature. A few quantitative research are additionally reported; in particular, scale growth has grow to be rather extra widely used and complicated on this region of study. Due to the detailed nature of the info examination offered by discourse analysis, work on this region has made notably insightful contributions to our understanding of wellbeing communication processes. This is notably true in regard to provider–patient interaction.

Ethnography has additionally been mainly interesting, and goes again to early work by symbolic interactionists. Palliative care journals and people focusing particularly on demise troubles are probably the most typical retailers for analysis on this area. Most of these journals specialise in empirical research, however some embody sensible guidance and letters to the editor. Omega and Death Studies specialise in demise problems with every variety and have a social scientific emphasis. They embody troubles comparable to suicide, which might not be related to palliative care.

The numerous palliative care journals take a medical/clinical perspective. Journal of Palliative Medicine can supply an incredibly robust emphasis on commonplace medical points however in addition focuses on authorized concerns. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management is extra interdisciplinary, as is American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Medicine. Palliative Medicine takes an incredibly medical approach, and Palliative & Supportive Care locations extra emphasis on psychiatric and religious points than do the opposite journals. International Journal of Palliative Nursing emphasizes nursing points and concerns. The duties and duties of nurses are incessantly diverse from these of different health-care providers, and nurses are likely to put extra emphasis on communication considerations than do many different health-care professionals.

Our concern will then flip closer to nations the place the probabilities of kid mortality is high, and the variety of births increasing. Countries the place youngsters are presumably to die – Somalia, Chad, Central African Republic, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, and Mali – will all have an growing variety of youngsters within the approaching decades. Progress on decreasing youngster deaths will right right right right here thus grow to be a race between declining youngster mortality charges and an growing variety of children. Two hundred years in the past the kid mortality fee was particularly excessive across the globe –more than 40% of all youngsters died. Since then the kid mortality fee has declined greater than 10-fold. Because we have to additional slash youngster deaths we're learning the causes of demise of youngsters at this time and the way it was conceivable to enhance youngster healthiness so very considerably up to now in ourentry on youngster mortality.

Of course, the demise of every little one is a gigantic tragedy, and in lots of nations far too many youngsters die as a consequence of causes we understand tips to forestall and treat. Another problem that wants consideration is the illustration in every focus group of various professions from the multidisciplinary groups on the nursing homes. However, the outcomes of this learn might be seen as a whole, which might make the drop-out much less more in all likelihood to affect the outcomes remarkably. One career which was represented in all focus groups was that of assistant nurse. Studies present that the assistant nurses' functional data is of superb significance for the multidisciplinary team.

In relation to this issue, one would possibly query the inclusion of different professions within the study. The registered nurse and the assistant nurse are those who're working closest to the older someone and would possibly for this reason be those with most data of indicators that precede dying. However, because the complicated wants of frail older individuals require numerous professionals to have the ability to supply a holistic care , the expertise represented by the multi-professional group is of importance. One career that may be a pure a half of the group however not included in our focus teams is that of the physician.

The choice to exclude physicians was elegant on the truth that physicians in Swedish nursing buildings are employed by one different company and solely come as consultants, i.e. don't work every day with the older persons. There have been a number of research specializing in figuring out dying in older individuals in nursing buildings . Brandt et al. targeted on physicians' experiences of dying amongst older individuals with life expectancy of 6 weeks or less. The effects indicated that it was complex for the physicians to foretell dying amongst the many older individuals who didn't have cancer.

However, a learn specializing in assistant nurses' experiences has proven that assistant nurses are ready to establish each manifest and delicate symptoms of dying in general. To one of the better of our knowledge, however, no learn has been carried out which distinguishes between early and late symptoms of dying, nor any which focuses on the multidisciplinary team's collective experiences of early and late signs. Consequently, the purpose of the current learn was to discover the experiences of early and late symptoms previous dying in older individuals in nursing houses from the multidisciplinary team's perspective.

In this study, the multidisciplinary workforce includes members of a number of professions working each day with the older person. The evaluation of important indicators will stop till requested by the family, at which level the nurse would gently clarify the general rationale for measuring crucial indicators and even if this could offer any advantage for the patient. Out of all of the levels of the dying process, this final half is the one through which impending demise turns into a actuality for everybody involved. The liked ones understands that their liked one will die; however, it will likely be not as evident because it could be till demise turns into imminent. During this phase, the affected human being turns into unresponsive to these spherical them and should look like sleeping. Sometimes the patient's eyes might be partially open as they're resting.

In hospice, we consider that the affected man or woman can nonetheless hear or sense the endeavor and family members spherical them and so we instruct households to proceed to speak to and gently contact their beloved ones. However, an early preparation for end-of life appears to be lacking. Thus a palliative care strategy might possibly be put into place from the very begin of a person's residence at a nursing home, e.g. utilizing superior care planning. Advanced care planning is an early ongoing communication and decision-making course of with the older man or woman and their subsequent of kin which addresses the approaching death. Studies present that superior care planning can advance the standard of end-of-life care , boost the variety of EoLC discussions and increase concordance between affected man or woman preferences and offered care .

Does Saudi Arabia Have Provinces

What Are The 13 Provinces Of Saudi Arabia The Saudi legislature has taken a major step forward in modernizing the Saudi judicial system. For the first time in the Kingdom's history, a High Court has been established in its capital, Riyadh, as the highest judicial authority in the land assuming responsibilities that were previously assigned to the Supreme Judicial Council. It exercises its authority through criminal and other specialized circuits. The Supreme Judicial Council oversees the administrative aspects of the judiciary, including the selection of judges, oversight of judges' personal affairs and the establishment of specialized courts, etc.

The 2007 Law of the Judiciary established courts of appeal in all 13 provinces, thereby increasing the speed with which disputes are resolved and making the delivery of appellate rulings more efficient by distributing their caseload among specialized labour, commercial, criminal, personal status and civil circuits. Labour, commercial, general, personal status and criminal courts are also being established throughout the Kingdom with full jurisdiction within their areas of specialization. The current judicial system has jurisdiction over most of the civil, commercial and criminal disputes previously heard by the administrative committees. The commercial circuits of the first-instance and appellate courts of the Board of Grievances are in the process of being transferred (with all their judges, cases, etc.) to the new judicial system's first-degree and appellate commercial courts.

In addition, the Council of Ministers' Bureau of Experts has established a committee to review, and propose due amendment of, all laws and regulations affected by this transition. As required by the implementing regulations of the Laws of the Judiciary and the Board of Grievances, the Supreme Judicial Council is studying the situation of the administrative committees exempted from this transition in order to complete the regulatory procedures. The Law of the Judiciary of 2007 introduced courts of appeal as a safeguard, empowering them to overturn decisions of lower courts. The Law provides for the establishment of one or more courts of appeal in each of the Kingdom's provinces. Each court functions through specialized circuits comprising three-judge panels, except for the criminal division which reviews judgments in cases involving certain major offences, including those carrying qisas, hudud and ta'zir penalties. Courts of appeal consist of labour, commercial, criminal, personal status and civil circuits.Specialized appeal circuits may be established in the districts of each province in which a court of appeal is located.

Each division is composed of a chief justice, appointed by the president of the court, and members holding the rank of appellate judge. In addition to the two courts in Riyadh and Makkah, the Ministry of Justice is opening 11 new courts of appeal in other provinces. First-degree courts are being established in the Kingdom's provinces, governorates and districts in accordance with the needs of the system.

First-degree courts consist of general, criminal, commercial, labour and personal status courts and comprise specialized circuits including enforcement, approval and traffic circuits. They are composed of single- or three-judge benches as specified by the Supreme Judicial Council. The Saudi Courts of Appeal were the second tier in the previous Saudi Arabian "ordinary judicial system." A Court of Appeal was composed of a chief justice and a sufficient number of senior judges from the legal community.

The Court consisted of several panels with jurisdiction in criminal, personal status and other cases not falling within the other two categories. The Court of Appeal was empowered to establish as many panels as it needed and these panels were presided over by the chief justice or one of his deputies.Previously, there were two Courts of Appeal in Saudi Arabia. One was in Makkah, which heard appeals from the lower courts in the western provinces, while the other was in Riyadh, which heard appeals from the lower courts in the central and eastern provinces. However, in the public interest and on the basis of a decision of the Court's General Council, some of the panels used to hold all or part of their hearings in another city or establish branches in other cities. As the Islamic Shari'ah is the main authority for Saudi courts, a judge is required to have a high level of education, knowledge and understanding of socio-cultural issues and must be equipped with the tools of ijtihad, as well as specific professional skills that will lead to reasonable, fair and impartial judgments. The Law of the Judiciary requires each judicial candidate to hold a degree from one of the Shari'ah colleges in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

According to the Saudi ulama, the purpose of such education in Saudi universities is to produceulama capable of varying degrees of ijtihad. A candidate may hold an equivalent certificate, although he is required to pass a special examination set by the Supreme Judicial Council. To enable judges to attain the highest levels of education, the Kingdom has established a Judicial Academy and an Institute of Public Administration to train judges, enhance their expertise, develop their skills and provide them with the information that they need in order to function effectively. In 1927, a Royal Decree inaugurated a relatively modern and sophisticated system of courts ‑ incorporating, for example, multiple-judge courts and regular appeals — which operated in the cities of Makkah, Madinah and Jeddah.

Several Royal Orders were subsequently issued to regulate various aspects of the Shari'ah courts. A Royal Order issued in 1931 included provisions regulating court procedure. This Law comprised 282 articles regulating in detail the Shari'ah courts, their types, their jurisdiction and their judgeships. Later, between 1956 and 1960, the jurisdiction of the court system was extended to the entire country, thereby standardizing the national judicial system.

More specifically, in 1957, King Sa'ud implemented a judicial reorganization throughout the realm to parallel that found in Makkah, Madinah, and Jeddah. In 1960, he unified the two systems under the Presidency of the Judiciary in Riyadh, which extended the regulations developed for a few cities to the entire country. This was part of the nationwide administrative unification that King Abdulaziz had set in motion when he ordered the creation of the Council of Ministers just before his death on 11 November 1953. In 1970, a Ministry of Justice was created by King Faisal to administer the country's courts. From 1970 to 1975, a modern administrative system for the courts was created in accordance with the Law of the Judiciary adopted in 1975, which contained several sections covering various aspects of the current judicial system; this will be examined later in the present study.

The revitalization of Saudi Arabia's judicial system reflects the nation's adaptability to modern developments without compromising its religious and cultural values. On 1 October 2007, King Abdullah issued Royal Decrees approving an overhaul of Saudi Arabia's judicial system. The Law of the Judiciary established a High Court, which took over the functions of the Supreme Judicial Council as the highest judicial authority in the Kingdom. Another important change was the establishment of appellate courts in each province. The law made provision for specialized labour, commercial, criminal, personal status and civil courts, which are currently being established in areas, regions and centres as needed.

Some of these courts are now hearing disputes that had previously been brought before special administrative committees. Quasi-judicial committees differ in nature from the ordinary courts insofar as they are not answerable to the judicial authority, their rulings are not subject to review by the High Court and their judges are not subject to judicial inspection or the mechanism for selecting and appointing judges. Despite the fact that the Supreme Judicial Council has recently taken steps to create enforcement courts to give effect to the decisions of quasi-judicial committees, their differing status makes it hard for other countries to recognize their jurisdiction or implement their rulings. It is therefore evident that the Board of Grievances is continuing to handle administrative disputes involving government departments. It is important to note that the previous Law of the Board of Grievances, adopted in 1982, empowered the Board to hear and punish offences involving bribery, forgery, exploitation of official influence or abuse of authority in criminal prosecution proceedings, or violations of human rights. However, under the Law of the Board of Grievances of 2007, the Board's jurisdiction over criminal offences that had been granted by the Law of 1982 was relinquished to the current Ordinary Court System.

On 19 August 2014, Saudi Arabia's Ministry of Justice inaugurated personal status courts, the first in a series of specialized courts, in major cities including Riyadh, Makkah, Jeddah, Madinah and Dammam as part of the Kingdom's efforts to modernize its judicial system. These courts will not, however, review litigation proceedings, which will remain under the purview of the general courts. The Ministry also established 88 single-judge circuits in all of the Kingdom's provinces. These courts and circuits are staffed by judges who have received extra training in cases involving divorce, alimony and child custody. General courts in the governorates without district courts have jurisdiction over all lawsuits, cases and the like which are subject to the jurisdiction of such district courts unless otherwise decided by the Supreme Judicial Council. General courts in governorates and districts consist of one or more specialized circuits, according to the needs of the system, comprising one or more judges as specified by the Supreme Judicial Council.

Specialized criminal, personal status, commercial and labour circuits may be established in general courts in governorates and districts where no specialized courts have been established.Moreover, where necessary, the Supreme Judicial Council may assign one or more circuits to hear pilgrims' cases. In cases other than those requiring a visit to the site of a dispute, courts should not hold their hearings in places other than their respective premises. One major step in the Ministry's efforts was the launch of the " NAJIZ" online portal in 177 first-instance courts in all regions of the Kingdom. The portal forms part of the endeavours being made to standardize judicial proceedings and apply digital transformation to institutionalize the judiciary and speed up the litigation process. The new portal was set up after restructuring the procedures adopted in all the courts in the Kingdom, and a new judicial procedural system document was drawn up and digitized. The system included launching approximately 120 services such as the "appeal without transcript" that enables first-instance courts to send the case file to the court of appeal electronically in just a few minutes and automatically receive a reply.

The "NAJIZ" portal was also designed to restructure proceedings and task forces were formed to study the proceedings of the courts and compare them with legal proceedings, criminal court proceedings and related regulations in other countries. The number of beneficiaries who utilized the portal exceeded 1,090,000 and the number of visitors amounted to about 42,000 daily. The Ministry produced an interactive manual to access "NAJIZ" services which included guidance to access services in all of the Ministry's judicial, enforcement and verification sectors.

The Ministry of Justice was preparing to inaugurate labour courts in 2017. The Committee on the Implementation of the Law of the Judiciary is carefully reviewing the rules of procedure of these courts to ensure that they are properly implemented. The labour courts will be established in cooperation with the Ministry of Labour and a specialized committee will train employees and judges and allocate buildings for these courts in accordance with Ministry of Labour studies and directives. Five labour courts will be opened in major cities, including Riyadh, Makkah, Jeddah, Madinah and Dammam, with 34 labour circuits in general courts in other cities throughout the Kingdom. Although Saudi judges generally adhere to the Hanbali school of law, they theoretically enjoy a certain degree of discretion in adjudicating cases and are constrained solely by their own conscience in determining the will of God.

Saudi judges apply "ijtihad" to reach decisions in cases not covered by the provisions of the Shari'ah. In such cases, they apply Islamic jurisprudential tools (e.g. analogy) to the sacred sources. In addition to the rules of the Islamic Shari'ah, a vast range of statutory laws have been enacted in criminal, administrative and commercial fields as required by the Kingdom's development. The 2007 Law of the Board of Grievances led to the establishment of similar departments, consisting of a director, several judges, professionals and researchers. These departments provide opinions, conduct research projects, classify Board judgments, general rules and precedents and prepare them for publication. The implementing regulations of the Law of the Board of Grievances also established a Research and Studies Department in the High Administrative Court consisting of researchers whose role is to prepare studies requested by the High Administrative Court's specialized circuits.

The Board of Grievances has issued a fourth edition of its Code of Rulings and Principles , records of court decisions rendered in 2008 under its mandate. Criminal courts exist in most of the Kingdom's administrative regions and governorates. In 2016, the Supreme Judicial Council issued a decision approving the organization and structure of the criminal courts and the mechanism for transferring criminal circuits in the Board of Grievances to the ordinary court system. In its efforts to promote the use of commercial paper and provide the requisite protection for its holders, the Supreme Judicial Council issued its circular N0.

998/T of 4 December 2017 which specifies that the criminal courts will have jurisdiction over commercial paper disputes relating to public rights which would normally result in either monetary penalties or imprisonment. Previously, the Commercial Paper Committees had jurisdiction over such disputes.The Supreme Judicial Council has designated 17 criminal courts to hear commercial paper disputes. An increasing number of disputes between government agencies and private contractors led to the creation of the Board of Grievances, which closely resembled the Conseil d'Etat in France, being the Supreme Court for administrative justice. It was first formed as a department of the Council of Ministers pursuant to the latter's Law.

The Board of Grievances had the authority to receive and investigate complaints, after which it would submit its report on the facts and circumstances surrounding each complaint, together with its recommendations, to the government minister concerned. Within two weeks of his receipt of the report, the minister was required to respond to the Board. If he did not accept the Board's recommendations, the Board would refer the matter to the King, who had the final decision on the matter.

At a later date, the Board was assigned jurisdiction in disputes of a criminal nature such as bribery and commercial fraud, which transformed the Board's function from administrative and investigative to judicial and adjudicative. In 1967, the King issued a Royal Order according the Board judicial independence from the Shari'ah court system. The Order stipulated that no lawsuit against a government agency should be heard by any Shari'ah court without the King's consent.

In addition, on 10 December 2014, King Abdullah issued a Royal Order establishing a committee to design a project for the compilation of a Code of Judicial Rulings on legal cases and issues, classified by Islamic jurisprudential category, to meet the needs of the judiciary. The committee, located in the Ministry of Justice, is empowered to request the assistance of experts, researchers on Islamic jurisprudence and members of the judiciary to provide it with research works and studies on Islamic jurisprudence and judicial precedents. The committee is required to adhere to the rules of the Islamic Shari'ah and follow a scientific approach in weighting the opinions of the Islamic schools of law.

All the codified material must be supported by evidence from Shari'ah texts and the " ijtihad," of religious-legal scholars. The Royal Order confirmed the committee's independence and gave it 180 days to accomplish its task. The committee split the work among three subcommittees, consisting of distinguished judges specialized in criminal, personal status and private law, and requested the Royal Court to extend the deadline for completion of its task due to the complex nature of the work. Many scholars view the Royal Decree as a major step towards a definitive codification of laws and penalties in the Islamic Shari'ah and the project is regarded as part of the major overhaul of the country's legal system initiated three years ago by King Abdullah.

The implementing regulations of the 2007 Law of the Judiciary also provided for a Research and Studies Department in the High Court consisting of researchers who prepare studies requested by the specialized circuits of the High Court. So far, the Ministry of Justice has published a third edition of its Code of Judicial Rulings , records of court cases in 2008, which appear to be considered binding precedents for similar cases in the future. It serves a useful purpose in cutting down on the number of sometimes apparently random judgments coming from some of the courts.

The administrative authority's refusal or failure to take a decision required of it in accordance with the laws and regulations shall be deemed an administrative decision. Besides the judiciary and the Board of Grievances , there are a number of committees linked to the Executive Branch with judicial power and jurisdiction to settle various commercial, criminal and civil disputes. These committees are established under the supervision of agencies or authorities created by the Executive Branch. The jurisdiction of each committee is always determined by its constituting decree or from the enforcement of particular laws which often contain articles establishing these committees and organizing their jurisdiction and functions. The Executive Branch exercises a wide range of discretionary authority over these committees. Therefore, these committees are not sufficiently independent due to the fact that the head of the agency may exercise a wide range of discretionary authority over a committee in a way that could affect its decisions.

The Board of Grievances consists of a President holding ministerial rank, at least one Vice-President, a number of Assistant Vice-Presidents and several judges.Vice-Presidents are appointed by Royal Order from among persons possessing the qualifications required to become chief justice of an appellate court. The Administrative Judicial Council performs several administrative functions similar to those of the Supreme Judicial Council. The Council meets every two months; its meetings are valid if attended by at least five of its members and decisions of the Council are adopted by majority vote.

It has established several committees, including the Jurisdictional Conflict Committee and the Judicial Disciplinary Committee, and a Judicial Inspection Department. As previously mentioned, article 9 of the Law of the Judiciary of 2007 permits the Supreme Judicial Council to establish specialized courts subject to approval by the King. The Minister of Justice issued order No. 1422 of 29 January 2008, based on Supreme Judicial Council resolution No. 4/69 of 7 January 2008, establishing a specialized criminal court in the city of Riyadh to try suspects in cases involving terrorism, national security and other related offences. The court's panels consist of a single judge or three judges as determined by the Supreme Judicial Council.Specialized panels for certain qisas, hudud andta'zir cases are composed of three judges. They were first established in Riyadh, Jeddah and Dammam, with 11 commercial circuits in general courts throughout the Kingdom.

All current commercial cases were referred to these courts and judges serving in the commercial circuits of the Board of Grievances were transferred to them. Employees currently working for labour committees were also transferred to the labour courts, each of which has a judge and two labour consultants. These courts are being inaugurated sequentially in the provinces and governorates. Personal Status Courts exist in most of the Kingdom's administrative regions and governorates. In 2018, the courts adjudicated around 255,000 lawsuits that were filed during the year. The Ministry of Justice has implemented a number of initiatives to speed up judicial procedures and enhance the performance of the courts.

The "paperless" court initiative in the personal status courts was highly instrumental in minimizing procedural time and speeding up the delivery of judgments. The digital link between personal status courts and appeal courts also helped to secure the closure of cases for beneficiaries as appeals can be lodged electronically. The number of personal status court hearings of divorce, alimony, financial claims, custody and other cases during that year amounted to 1.7 million. Local governments, branches of ministries and other public agencies in the Kingdom's various regions are considered to be parts of the executive branch. This indicates that the provinces enjoy considerable financial and administrative independence as part of a major effort to decentralize authority in the Kingdom.

In 1924, the National Council (Al-Majlis al-Ahli), a consultative council introduced by Abdulaziz, began to exercise certain powers except in foreign and military affairs which were the prerogative of the King. In August 1925, the Makkah Consultative Council, with more extensive powers, was formed. This new council was responsible for overseeing communications, trade, education, the courts system, internal security and municipal affairs. It was also the precursor of the General Consultative Council, which played a significant role in the creation of the Council of Ministers. In August 1926, Abdulaziz approved a comprehensive constitution that was called the "Basic Directives ( Al-Ta'limat al-Asasiah) for the Hijaz region." The document was in line with the constitutions of many modern States and may also be regarded as the precursor for future ones.

Most importantly, the fourth article of that document established several governmental bodies which included the Consultative Council, administrative councils, district councils and village and tribal councils. The World Health Organization announced COVID-19, a novel coronavirus outbreak, as a pandemic in 2020. In the month of February 2020, the disease began to spread through the Middle East. The first case of COVID-19 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was identified in March 2020, and it is now one of the region's most affected countries. Analyzing the disease's propagation pattern may aid in the development of pandemic-fighting strategies. This study aims to analyze the trend of COVID-19's spread, its recovery, and mortality in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia .